Mixers Mixers are very complicated, given three ports, wide frequency disparities, time-varying switching devices, and simultaneous presence of small and strong signals. Mixer literature is rife with details and specific examples but sparse on the perspective and context presented in this lecture. Topics include the definitions, methods, and motivations for balancing a mixer, supression of spurious outputs, the four sources of mixer nonlinearity, and the difference between LO and switching function waveforms. Quotes one veteran mixer designer, "Mixer designers will always have a job. There is always a problem to solve".